![]() Measures an internal construct or variable) have shown the BDI to be related to medical symptoms, anxiety, stress, loneliness, sleep patterns, alcoholism, suicidal behaviors, and adjustment among youth.įactor analysis, a statistical method used to determine underlying relationships between variables, has also supported the validity of the BDI. Validity -The ability of a test to measure accurately what it claims to measure. Reliability -The ability of a test to yield consistent, repeatable results. Tests for construct validity (the degree to which a test KEY TERMS Concurrent validity is a measure of the extent to which a test concurs with already existing standards at least 35 studies have shown concurrent validity between the BDI and such measures of depression as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-D. The BDI has content validity (the extent to which items of a test are representative of that which is to be measured) because it was constructed from a consensus among clinicians about depressive symptoms displayed by psychiatric patients. The BDI has been extensively tested for content validity, concurrent validity, and construct validity. The BDI can distinguish between different subtypes of depressive disorders, such as major depression and dysthymia (a less severe form of depression). ![]() For people who have been clinically diagnosed, scores from 0 to 9 represent minimal depressive symptoms, scores of 10 to 16 indicate mild depression, scores of 17 to 29 indicate moderate depression, and scores of 30 to 63 indicate severe depression. For the general population, a score of 21 or over represents depression. The test is scored differently for the general population and for individuals who have been clinically diagnosed with depression. The sum of all BDI item scores indicates the severity of depression. The BDI usually takes between five and ten minutes to complete as part of a psychological or medical examination. ![]() The BDI is also used to detect depressive symptoms in a primary care setting. The first 13 items assess symptoms that are psychological in nature, while items 14 to 21 assess more physical symptoms. Individual questions of the BDI assess mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, suicidal ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, body image, work difficulties, insomnia, fatigue, appetite, weight loss, bodily preoccupation, and loss of libido. A version designed for use by primary care providers (BDI-PC) is composed of seven self-reported items. Each response is assigned a score ranging from zero to three, indicating the severity of the symptom that the patient has experienced over the past two weeks. ![]() The long form of the BDI is composed of 21 questions or items, each with four possible responses. A second version of the inventory (BDI-II) was developed and published in 1996 to reflect revisions in the fourth edition, text revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV-TR), a handbook that mental health professionals use to diagnose mental disorders. The BDI was developed in 1961, adapted in 1969, and copyrighted in 1979. It should be administered by a knowledgeable mental health professional who is trained in its use and interpretation. The BDI is designed for use by trained professionals. Its purpose is to detect, assess, and monitor changes in depressive symptoms among people in a mental health care setting. A shorter form is composed of seven questions and is designed for administration by primary care providers. ![]() The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a series of 21 self-reported questions developed to measure the intensity, severity, and depth of depressive symptoms in patients aged 13-80. ![]()
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